川嶋 辰彦

The four major stages of the spatial-cycles are quantitatively examined, by use of the Japan's population census data extending over the past sixty years (for the period 1947-2005), for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area and its five major railway-line regions. The spatial-cycle hypothesis constructed by Klaassen and the method of the Roxy-index analysis developed by the first author, are applied to our investigation. The results obtained clearly illuminate the recent trend of the re-urbanization of the population in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area as a whole and its five major railway-line regions as well. This would imply that the core-area part of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area will play an increasingly critical role in the future urban policies of Japan. Among other findings is the possible existence of the metropolitan (or urban) spatial cycles of the estimated length of the period of 80～ 100 years.

The role of the NGO has become increasingly important both for (1) the educational value of international grassroots cooperative volunteer activities and for (2) the practice of such international cooperative activities for social, economic and environmental improvement in underprivileged areas. In light of this, the Gakushuin Overseas NGO Volunteer Activity Programme (GONGOVA) was launched in 1997. This programme falls in the category of university-NGO activities, focusing upon uplander villages located in remote mountain areas in northwestern Thailand. Though the project scale of GONGOVA ...

In 1968， the Regional Science Research lnstitute（RSAI）in Philadelphia was asked by the North Central Texas Council of Govemments（NCTCOG）to esti皿ate the impact of the proposed construction of the Dallas！Fort Worth lnternatiop． al Airport on the socio－economic variables in the lO－county NCTCOG region， in order to provide local governments with information needed to form their basic policies． In 1970，the RSRI published its estimates of population in both 1975 and 1990 fbr the 80 subareas of the NCTCOG region． This paper conducts an ex post facto analysis to evaluate the accuracy of the l990 po...

This study examines the spatial redistribution process of the aged populationl）in the Takasaki railwayline region of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area of Japan for the period 1960－2000 with special emphasis on（1） the Young Old population compared with the Old Old population and on（2）the aged population living with relatives or non－relatives（APW）compared with the aged population living alone（APA）． The ROXYi ・d・xm・th・d2）and・th・Klaassen’s sp・ti・1－cy・1・hyp・th・・i・3）・・e apPli・d t・…inve・tig・ti・n・． Th・圃・・ results are as fbllows：（1）The phase of the spatia1－cycle path4）fbr the population 65 and over， popu...

The major four stages of the spatial－cycles are quantitatively exa〃iined， by use of the data extending oレθrthe past肋years（for the period 1947－2000り，プbr the帥o kinds（～f urban syste〃ls i〃Japan． The one is the spatial system of primary core cities， and the other is that of the Tokl＞・O Metropolitan Area． The 脚"α'－cycle h），pothesis constructed by Klaa∬en and the〃3励04ψん8 Roη一index analysis deレψρε4わy the author are¢apptied to our investigatゴ0π． The・res〃ts・obtainedゴllum'nate rather ctearly the recent trend of the revived agglO〃ieration of the POρulation in the core cities q〃arge〃ietropolitan areas， especゴally that towards the central part of the Tokyoルletroρolゴtan Area． This would吻ly that the core Cめ・q勧θ Tokyo Metropolitan Area W〃play an increasingly critical roleゴn the urわαπρ0'ゴdθ5 qプノapan， as CO那ρακ4瞬んeither・its・suburban・area・or・the・core・cities（ゾ0∫h8r紹r〔）PO'itan・areas．

For more substantially sustainable growth of local communities in developing countries， the role of nongovemmental organizations（NGOls）is of inc祀asing importa蘇ce particulady in intenlational volun曜y aid for grassroots pr句ects and in the effbrts of education fbr the younger generation to help them appreciate such voluntary aid． With this in mind”the Gakushuin Overseas NGO Volunteer Activity Prograrnme （GONGOVA）has， by conducting a series of grassroots pr（）jects since 1997 in re皿ote mountain villages in Thailand， been serving as a volunteer－education programme and as a volunteer。practice pro...

A．レッシュは60年余り前、独自の空間経済学的パラダイムを展開した先駆的労作（DieRdumliche Ordnung der WirtschaLft， Gustav Fischer Verlag， Jena，1940）の中で，「N番目に小さな正六角形の市場領域（即ち，市場領域番号1V）」に対応する「同市場領域内に実質的に含まれる家計数n（即ち，ネット家計数n）」を考察し，Nとnの対応関係（即ち，「レッシュのN－n関係律」）を，前掲書第10章第b－1節の表7に拠り示唆した。同表は，市場領域番号N（前掲書英訳版は「Area No．」と表記）の各値に対して，つぎの2点を示す。 （a）ネット家計数n（前掲書英訳版は「number of・settlements」と表記）の値を求めるために必 要な計算式。 （b）同計算式から得られるnの値。 なお，同表でレッシュが考察の対象とした1V値は， N＝1（このときn＝3）からN＝11（このときn＝27）までとノ〉＝＝ 15（このときn＝37）の，合わせて12のケースである。 本稿では先ず，レッシュのN－n関係律を用いて，N＝1島13，14，及びN＝16からN＝2， 068までの1＞値に夫々対応するn値（即ち，「レッシュ？〉－n対応値」）を試算する。次いでその結果に照らし，以下の3点を指摘する。 （1）n値の逆転現象：κ二1からN＝17（こ...

A．レッシュは，空間経済学的主要命題の一つである「蜂の巣状均衡市場領域定理」を，凡そ60年前に導出した。本稿は，「同定理の再考・再評価をあらためて試み，併せて同定理周辺部の未墾概念に多少の発展的考察を加える作業」の第一段階で得られた成果を纏めたものであり，一次元空間及び二次元空間に於ける家計の離散的分布を仮定した場合に考えられる「円形均衡市場領域の境界線形成過程」を，テーマの中心に据えて論ずる。The theorem of the”hexagonal equilibrium market area in the perfectly competitive spatial market”was constructed by A．L6sch around sixty years ago． The present paper is the first outcome of the study in which the authors have tried to（1）review and revaluate the L6sch’s theorem and（2）explore what has been left behind the derivation of his seminal classic theorem， for the purpose of shedding a sli...

The process of spatial concentration and deconcentration of population in Japan is investigated fbr the period 1947 through 1995． The spatial－cycle hypothesis and the Roxy－index method are applied to examine quantitatively the phenomena of urban dynamism， with special emphasis on（1＞the spatial redistribution process fbr Spatial－system（1）which comprises the eight largest metropolitan areas with populations over two million in 1995 and（2＞the spatial redistribution process fbr Spatial－system（H） which comprises（a）a set of seventy－nine medium and small metropolitan areas and（b）an aggregated non－...

The major purpose of this paper is to obtain， through the approach of the Roxy－index method， a deeper ins至ght into the tendency of the paths of the spacial cycles which the system of the eighty－seven（87） Japanese metropolitan areas defined as fUnctional urban regions（FURs）and（2）the system of core－cities of the FURs（FUCs）Wi11 respectively follow．

It is one of the most important roles for spatial economists to provide scholars and policy makers who are tackllng urban and regional issues with a better insight into the basic tendency of the changes in the spatial redistribution of socio－economic activities within urban areas． Based on this standpoint， the present paper examines the urbanization and suburbanization process of the Chuo－line region of the Tokyo metropolitan area for the period lg47－95． For investigating the Chuo－line region that extends to the west from the CBD of Tokyo and that is long and narrow in shape， this paper emp...

It would be convenient fbr urban and regional scholars to possess a tool fbr standardizing the Roxy index values in such a way that diff¢rent spatial systems can be objectively compared with one another as to the stage of spatial convergence and divergence of societa1－economic activities in the Klaassen spatia1－cycle framework． This paper first describes the basic skeleton of the spatial・cycle hypothesis and the Roxy index method． It then proposes a standardization function to meet the above scientific needs． After that， it shows empirical results obtained through the application of the pro...

Using the ROXY－index method， spatial－cycle processes are analyzed for six types of urban systems in Japan over the period from l920 to 1990． Four of the six types of urban systems are inter－metropolitan while two are intra－metropolitan． Results for the inter－metropolitan systems show that， in the functional urban core（FUC）system， the spatial divergence of population is the tendency after World War II． In the system of surrounding areas（FUS）， the convergence of population continuing from 1920 intensifies after WWII． For intrametropolitan systems， the Tokaido system is at a more advanced sta...

In the social sciences， various typesσfまτ重d三ces a旺d coefficients have been devebped in order to measりre tbe phe蘭mena of convergence and divergence of socio－economi（：activities、 This paper co鵬paτes seven such yardsticks，三ncluding the ROXY i“dex， and theoreticalty categorlzes them into fjve groロps accord血g to their kemeL a mathematical factor dliferentlated w三th respect to time． The yafdsticks are once again grouped， but this tirne accGrding to the ernpirieal results of the inter－metropo】jtan ana】ysis of popu正at三〇n changes in Japan． It is found that t｝1e theoretical grQupings are coI覧sistent ...

The ROXY index serves as an instrument for the investigation into the stage and speed of the process of spatial convergence and divergence observed on various socio－economic activities． This paper investigates the basic mathematical characteristics of the ROXY index， focusing upon（i）the functional relationships of the ROXY index with the correlation coefficient and regression coefficient， and（ii）the similarity and difference between the ROXY index and correlation coefficient in mathematical characteristics， The results of the investigation show， as indicated in a summary table that the ROXY...

The stages of the centralization and decentralization of aged population in the Chuo－line region of the Tokyo metropolitan area are investigated． The ROXY－index method and the spatial－cycle hypothesis are applied to the investigations． The aged population seems to have been less advanced， along the spatial－cycle path， than the productive－age population in terms of the population level． The aged population seems to have been stickier to the urban core of the Tokyo metropolitan area than the productive－age population in terms of the population share．

For the quantitative intra－metropolitan ana且ysis in the field of urban and regional economics， there are usually two kinds of approaches in obtaining the value of the ROXY index． One is to calculate the ROXY index by the use of the CBD distance as its weighing factor， while the other is to calculate the ROXY index by the use of the reversed CBD distance as its weighing factoL This paper first shows， for each of the theoretical且y－ideal continuous－linear and fan－shaped regions， the functional relationship between the values of the two ROXY indices calcu且ated through the above two types of app...

There are few systematical quantitative too且s to study spatial－cyc且e paths of large metropolitan arξas， partly because there exist difficulties in quantitatively grasp basic characteristics embodied in the phenomena of spatial cycles． The ROXY index methOds， however， can apply not on且y to the investigation of identifying stages of spatia且一cycle processes， but also to the examination of the periods of the spatial－cycle path with the aid of eigenvalues used in the field of econometrics． An examination of a set of annual data for five railway－line regions in Tokyo metropolitan area， suppOrts t...

There are two types of ROXY indices which have been developed for studies on the phenomena of centralization and decentraliZation of population and other socio－economic activities in a large metropOlitan area． These ROXY indices are Rd and R、， We calcu且ate R， by use of a CBD distance as its weighing factor， and R， by use of a reversed CBD distance as its weighing factor． This paper， after discussing principal features of R， and Rs， theoretically examines the mathematical relationship between Rd and R、， and concludes that the ratio of Rd to R s is constant． It then empirica且且y compares the va且ue of R， with that of R、 for each of five railway－line regions within the Tokyo metropOlitan area to show how the spatia且一 cycle path of each railway－line region can be represented through R， and 1～、 respective且y． The results of the empirical investigation on the relationship between Rd and R， are found， as expected， to be consistent with the theoretical conclusion drawn from our mathematica且examination． Based on the above theoretical and empirica且considerations， it is suggested that using R、 would appear to be a better choice than using R，when we want to app且y the ROXY－index method to a series of spatla且一cycle studies for the investigation of both intra－metropolitan and inter－metropOlitan redistribution processes of s㏄io－economic activities．

The phenomena of centralization and suburbanization are examined for the five major railway－line regions in the Tokyo rnetropolitan area during the l 960－90 period． Klaassen’s spatia1－cycle framework is employed as a theoretical scheme and the ROXY index approach is used as a methodological instrument． The results show that， for the 1985－90 period， the Chuo－line region was at a most advanced stage along the circular path in the spatial－cycle framework， followed by the Tokaido－line， the Sobu－line， the Takasaki－1ine and the Jobanline regions respectively． In the 1960’s， the Takasaki－line reg...

This paper， in the attempt of presenting a part of study examining the theoretical and empirical relationships between driver，s licence ownership and passenger car ownership， shows the results of a long term forecast of the driver，s licence ownership by sex and age－group in Japan． The method of cohort analysis is applied to Japan，s data in order to estimate the future rates of driver，s licence ownership． It has been fou訟d that， under assumptio且s set in this study， the marginal increlnent of total driver，s licence ownership remains approximately six to eight times larger than that of populat...

This paper will take a sceptical view of the conventional wi8dom of the notion：‘‘The 土heory of marginal eost p虹cing 8ugge8ts that the desirable level of tramc How should ．always be kept below the highway，8 capaci七y for tramc fiow．，， This notion， originating with A．A． Walters， semina11961 article， is based on the inte叩retation that the塒arginal s㏄ial ．eost is infinite when traf覧c fiow reaches the lligllway capaeity． However， this illte叩retation is disputable， as earlier pointed out by P． K． Else． ・Challenging the conventional notion， the paper will try to demonstrate that the marginal 、s㏄ial ...