澤田 匡人

This study focused on the differences between two subtypes of envy known as "benign envy" and "malicious envy" as personality traits, and examined the effects of these traits on academic achievement. Two hundred fifty-one university students participated in the study. Both benign envy and malicious envy were found to be independent as also found in a previous study by Lange & Crusius (2015), and a high criterion-related validity was revealed by an association with characteristic variables such as dispositional envy and self-esteem. The students with higher levels of benign envy were found to set goals higher, and as a result, achieved higher levels of academic performance. In contrast, no such effect was found for malicious envy. The importance of focusing more attention on the positive aspects of the emotion of envy is discussed.

The present study examined the effect of envy and personality traits on the elicitation of Schadenfreude — pleasure at another's misfortune. The participants were 201 Japanese undergraduates. They responded to scenarios in which the target person was similar to them in terms of gender, and was made to appear either superior or average. The epilogue of scenarios informed participants that the target person had suffered a misfortune. Factor analysis of data indicated dual factors for the 13 items on the scale — Schadenfreude and sympathy. Analysis of variance revealed that the rating for Schadenfreude was higher for men than women, and that score was higer in the scenario in which the target person was superior than average. In addition, path analysis indicated that participants who had low self-seteem tended to feel envy, and this envy also mediated subsequent Schadenfreude. On the other hand, reported guilt of women predicted positively to sympathy, and that score predicted negatively to Schadenfreude.This finding suggested that guilt was the key variable that made gender differences of Schadenfreude and sympathy.

好み(envy)については,古くは精神分析学の立場から生得的感情として,そして1980年代以降は社会心理学の立場から対人的感情として,その役割や機能に関する研究が盛んに行われてきた。とりわけ後者の立場は,Festinger(1954)の社会的比較理論を発展させた自己評価維持モデル ...

言葉を発しない状態を示す｢緘黙｣とは,一般に心因性のものを指し,大きく2つに分類できる。すなわち,状況に拘らず全く発話しない｢全緘黙｣と,特定の状況や人物に対してのみ発話しない｢選択性緘黙｣である。本稿では,選択性緘黙主訴として来談した女児に関する事例を検討する。選択性緘黙の好発年齢は4~6歳と考えられており(相馬,1991),本事例の女児の年齢もそれに該当している。発祥の原因としては,家庭内の力動関係(大井・鈴木・玉木・森・吉田・山本・味岡・川口,1979),コミュニケーションスキルの発達(服部・森本・白井・黒田,1998)などが考えられるため,発達遅滞や言語遅滞が緘黙の発症に先行していない場合は,その治療において緘黙児の家族関係とコミュニケーションスキルの両面を視野に入れる必要がある。そこで本稿では緘黙児の家族関係の変化を考慮しながら,対人緊張を和らげ自発的なコミュニケーションを促進するために遊戯両方を用いた治療過程を報告する。

現代社会においては万人の平等が謳われているものの、すべての人間が同じ状況のもとで生活し、同じだけの所有に与るということは現実的ではなく、実際は、財産や能力、容姿や境遇にいたるまで、様々な領域における差異が存在している。 ...The purpose of the present study was to construct an enviousness scale for elementary and junior high school pupils and to examine its reliability and validity. Twenty-eight items ...