宮崎 弦太

A previous study showed that the effects of the Big Five Personality Domains on OrganizationalCitizenship Behavior (OCB), which is informal voluntary behavior by employees, are indirect and thatthere is a need for clarification of the mediating mechanism between Big Five Personality Domains andOCB. This study focused on "political skill" which is the ability to exercise organizational politics, andexamined the mediating effect of political skill in the effects of the Big Five Personality Domains onOCB. Participants were 309 full-time workers in a Japanese enterprise (231 men and 78 women; meanage 44.20 years, SD=8.16). Our results showed that "apparent sincerity" and "interpersonal influence",subscales of political skill are the intervening variable which explaining the partly process of the BigFive Personality on OCB.

<p>Previous findings regarding the effects of living in urban environments on residents' subjective well-being have been inconsistent. The present study developed a scale to measure the multifaceted nature of urban living environments and investigated the aspects of urban environments that enhance or reduce residents' life satisfaction. We conducted two online surveys in which adults living in urban or rural areas in Japan (1,000 participants for each survey) completed the Multifaceted Urban Living Environment Scale and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Results indicated that urban living environments are characterized by quality of facilities, life convenience, life unpleasantness, and easy accessibility to public transportation. Of importance, each of these aspects affected residents' life satisfaction differently. Specifically, the quality of facilities was positively associated with life satisfaction, whereas life convenience was negatively associated. However, life unpleasantness and easy accessibility to public transportation had no effect on life satisfaction. These results suggest that it is important to measure the multifaceted nature of urban living environments to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of urbanization on residents' subjective well-being.</p>

<p>This study investigated the determinants of exchange anxiety in close relationships—generalized worries that one's partner will replace him/her with a more suitable person. We hypothesized that exchange anxiety would increase when individuals compare themselves with others who are more competent (experiencing upward social comparisons), especially in environments where they cannot easily find alternative relationships (environments with low relational mobility). By experimentally manipulating the type of social comparison, the results from Study 1 revealed that undergraduates (n＝299) living in environments with low relational mobility felt stronger exchange anxiety when they experienced upward social comparison than downward social comparison. In Study 2, an online survey was conducted with a sample of adults living in either urban or rural areas (n＝1000). The results showed that the frequency of upward social comparison was positively associated with exchange anxiety and that this tendency was moderated by the combined effect of relational mobility and trait self-esteem. These results suggest that the characteristics of one's interpersonal environments affect the impact of the perceived risk of being replaced on exchange anxiety in one's close relationships.</p>

A previous study has shown that there is a statistical similarity between the evaluation of impressions of Japanese fonts and of tea beverage package design. Recent research indicates that readable font design is related to subjective fluency. Here, we tested the effects of similarity between the evaluation of impressions of font designs and of package designs, and font legibility, on aesthetic impressions of packaging, using the 16 pictures combining fonts and packaging from the previous study. Thirty-four participants were asked to rate each in terms of aesthetic impressions (Balance, Harmony, Beauty, and Preference) and font legibility. The results showed that the similarity between the evaluation of elements had a greater positive effect on consumers' evaluation of aesthetic impression of packaging by mediation of improving font legibility. In conclusion, our results indicate that similarity between the evaluation of elements, and font legibility may be important when evaluating aesthetic impressions of packaging.

<p>個人が組織内の政治を認知し，用いる程度には個人差が存在し，前者は組織内政治の知覚，後者は政治スキルと呼ばれる。セルフ・モニタリングはこの両者の規定要因として注目されてきたが，政治スキルとの間には正の相関が認められている一方で，組織内政治の知覚との関連性は，予測に反して無相関であることが報告されている。本研究では，セルフ・モニタリングの2つの下位尺度（感受性，変容性）を考慮することで，組織内政治の知覚および政治スキルとの関連性をより明確にすることを目的とした。調査対象者は正社員として勤務する309名（男性231名，女性78名），平均年齢は44.20歳（SD＝8.16歳）であった。結果から，組織内政治の知覚は感受性，政治スキルは変容性と強く関連していることが明らかとなり，組織内政治にかかわる個人差とセルフ・モニタリングの関連性を検討する際には，セルフ・モニタリングを多次元で捉える必要があることが示唆された。</p>

In relation to the recent development of ultra high definition imaging technique (4K)<br> that have quadruple amount of pixels relative to high definition imaging (HD), it has<br> been reported that observer's subjective impression differ between these imaging. The<br> present study examined how differences in resolution (4K and HD imaging) influence<br> subjective impressions of movies in association with movie contents (natural/artificial<br> objects) and fields of view (wide/medium/narrow) (Exp1). We also investigated the<br> effects of the quantities of motion on subjective impressions of movies in different im-<br>ge resolutions with the flame rate higher (59.94 fps) than the previous study (23.98<br> fps) (Exp2). We found that 4K movies, as compared to HD movies, induced stronger<br> impressions regarding evaluation and comfort especially when they were presented with<br> natural scene and/or larger field of view. It was also shown that 4K movies with higher<br> flame rate induced stronger impressions regarding desirability and comfort regardless<br> of motion quantities, contrary to the previous finding that 4K movies with the larger<br> quantities of motion gave observer lower impression regarding desirability and comfort<br> than HD movies. These results demonstrate that the differences in image resolution<br> could modulate subjective impressions of movies in accordance with the differences in<br> movie contents, fields of view, and flame rate. Moreover, the current findings suggest<br> that there exist some desirable conditions under which the ultra high definition imaging<br> could effectively enhance observers' subjective impressions of movies.<br>

The purpose of the present study was to objectively demonstrate similarity in factor structure, regarding evaluation of impressions, between fonts and package designs in packaging, by testing factorial invariance using structural equation modeling. We asked 228 college students and 75 members of the community to answer a questionnaire, which included 12 items concerning their impressions of four kinds of Japanese font and four kinds of tea beverage package design, to be rated on seven-point scales using semantic differential method. Structural equation modeling showed that with regard to evaluation of impressions, factorial invariance was established in factor structure between fonts and package designs. In conclusion, our results indicate that structural equation modeling is a valuable technique to analyze similarity of components in packaging.

親密関係では共同規範に従った恩恵の授受を行うことが理想とされる。本研究は，我々は親密関係において常に共同規範を遵守するわけではなく，関係相手の応答性に応じて共同規範を柔軟に調節していること，また，そのプロセスが愛着不安によって調整されることを検討した。2つの調査（調査1の参加者は150名，調査2の参加者は188名）の結果，親密関係において相手が自分に対して非応答的であった過去の出来事を想起した人は，想起しなかった人よりも，共同規範を弱めていた。ただし，愛着不安の強い人は，恋人の非応答性を想起すると共同規範を強めていた。これらの結果は，親密関係におけるリスク制御という点から考察された。

Commitment and expectations of acceptance in relationships promote relationship-repairing behaviors in response to interpersonal rejection. The present study examined differences between these factors in the mediation process, and the moderating role of attachment orientation in the process. One hundred and seventy-eight undergraduate students participated in a questionnaire study, in which they reported their attachment orientation, rated their degrees of commitment and expectations of acceptance by a close friend, and indicated how they would feel and behave if that friend rejected them. Mediational analyses revealed that self-regard feelings partially mediated the association between commitment and relationship-repairing behaviors. Further analyses also showed that mediation effects disappeared among those with high attachment avoidance. There were only direct effects of expectations of acceptance on relationship-repairing behaviors regardless of attachment orientation. These results suggested that there are multiple pathways for promoting relationship-repairing behaviors in response to interpersonal rejection. In addition, this study discussed the implications of these findings for relationship-repairing mechanisms.

Ultra-high definition (4K) imaging allows us to achieve considerably higher image quality than would high definition (HD) imaging. The present study examined how 4K and HD imaging could influence subjective impressions of movies differently, in association with the quantities of motion and fields of view of these movies. We found that stronger impressions regarding comfort and impact were evoked for 4K movies with smaller quantities of motion and medium field of view. Stronger perceptions of impact occurred for HD movies with larger quantities of motion and larger field of view. HD movies also gave stronger impression regarding dynamics regardless of motion quantities. Additionally, HD movies down-converted from 4K movies tended to induce higher impressions regarding evaluation and comfort in some situations. These results suggest that subjective impressions of movies are influenced by the differences in resolution images, as well as interactions between imaging types and characteristics of movie contents.

都市社会学の知見によれば, 都市に暮らす人々は多様な社会的アイデンティティを持ちうることが推測される。本研究は, 多様なアイデンティティをもつことが, 個人の精神的健康にどのような影響を及ぼすかを, 大都市部の大学生を対象に検討した。先行研究では, アイデンティティ相互の関係が調和的な関係にあれば, アイデンティティ数の増加は精神的健康を促進するが, 葛藤を引き起こすような不調和な関係にあれば, 逆に精神的健康が阻害されることが示されている。しかし, それがどのようなメカニズムによって支えられているのかについては, まだ不明な点が残されている。本研究では, 自己複雑性理論の観点から, 多くのアイデンティティをもつことは, 自己の諸側面が相互に分化し数が増えることであるととらえ, その結果, ネガティブな事象に対する精神的回復力(レジリエンス)が高められるのではないかと考えた。自己複雑性が高ければ, ネガティブな出来事によって自己のある側面が傷ついても, その影響が自己の他の側面に波及しにくく, 残された側面の資源を動員することによって困難に対処しやすくなると考えられるからである。ただし, それはアイデンティティ相互の関係が葛藤を起こすことのない調和的な場合に限られる。189名の大学生が質問紙調査に参加した。調査の結果, 主要なアイデンティティ相互の関係が調和的であれば, アイデンティティ数の増加はレジリエンスを高めるが, 不調和であれば, アイデンティティ数の増加は, レジリエンスを低下させることが示された。主観的幸福感は, アイデンティティ数と調和性によって影響を受けることはなかった。したがって, アイデンティティの数が増えれば, 幸福感が高められ精神的健康が促進されるという単純な関係にあるのではなく, アイデンティティ数の増加は, ネガティブな事象の影響を緩和し精神的健康の悪化を予防するといった間接的なプロセスによって精神的健康の維持に寄与しているのかもしれない。最後に, 都市的環境と精神的健康の関係に関する研究の今後の方向性について言及した。

From the perspectives of interdependence theory and sociometer theory, we tested the hypothesis that greater costs of relationship loss lead to heightened sensitivity to rejection cues and to increased motivation to behave in more relationship-constructive ways. We conducted a questionnaire study in which 319 undergraduates listed activities they shared with their closest same-sex friend and indicated how they would feel and behave if they were rejected. As predicted, a greater amount of shared activities with a friend led individuals to experience stronger negative self-relevant feelings following imaginary rejection by that friend, which in turn generally promoted relationship-constructive behaviors (and inhibited relationship-destructive ones). The results suggest that state self-esteem effectively functions as a relationship maintenance mechanism.

本研究は関係へのコミットメントと関係相手からの受容予期が社会的拒絶への対処行動に及ぼす影響を検討した。219名の大学生が質問紙調査に参加した。参加者は，親友または知人との関係におけるコミットメントと相手からの受容予期の程度，そして，その相手からの拒絶場面における感情状態と行動傾向を評定した。その結果，知人よりも親友のほうが，関係相手からの受容予期は強く，関係へのコミットメントが強いことが明らかとなった。また，知人よりも親友のほうが，拒絶に対する関係志向的行動が促進され，関係破壊的行動は抑制されることが示された。媒介分析とパス解析の結果，コミットメントと受容予期はそれぞれ直接，拒絶への関係志向的行動を促進し，関係破壊的行動を抑制すること，そして，受容予期はコミットメントを強めることで間接的にも拒絶への対処行動に影響することが明らかとなった。これらの結果は，拒絶への対処行動を規定する要因は，相互依存理論とリスク制御システム理論という観点から統合的に理解する必要があることを示唆している。<br>

近年、社会心理学の分野において、社会的拒絶が人間の心理過程に及ぼす影響に大きな注目が集められている。本稿では、社会的拒絶に対して人が示す反応を検討した実証研究を概観し、それらの反応に関わる心理システムの性質について論考する。先行研究から、社会的拒絶は、情動、認知・知覚、行動のそれぞれの水準で多様な帰結をもたらすことが明らかになっている。他者から拒絶されたとき、情動レベルでは、心理社会的苦痛が喚起され、状態自尊心が低下する。認知レベルでは、社会的情報への感受性が高まり、行動レベルでは、向社会的行動または自己防衛的行動(時には攻撃行動)が増加する。このような知見は、人間の心には社会的拒絶に伴う脅威から自己を守るための反応システムが備わっていることを示唆している。加えて、本稿では、社会的拒絶への反応性の個人差について検討した研究も概観する。拒絶への感受性、愛着スタイル、特性自尊心の影響を検討した研究は、他者からの受容を予期できるかどうかが、社会的拒絶の手がかりを検知し、拒絶の脅威に対処する過程を規定することを明らかにしている。最後に、今後の研究の方向性について議論する。