Genta Miyazaki

A previous study showed that the effects of the Big Five Personality Domains on OrganizationalCitizenship Behavior (OCB), which is informal voluntary behavior by employees, are indirect and thatthere is a need for clarification of the mediating mechanism between Big Five Personality Domains andOCB. This study focused on "political skill" which is the ability to exercise organizational politics, andexamined the mediating effect of political skill in the effects of the Big Five Personality Domains onOCB. Participants were 309 full-time workers in a Japanese enterprise (231 men and 78 women; meanage 44.20 years, SD=8.16). Our results showed that "apparent sincerity" and "interpersonal influence",subscales of political skill are the intervening variable which explaining the partly process of the BigFive Personality on OCB.

<p>Previous findings regarding the effects of living in urban environments on residents' subjective well-being have been inconsistent. The present study developed a scale to measure the multifaceted nature of urban living environments and investigated the aspects of urban environments that enhance or reduce residents' life satisfaction. We conducted two online surveys in which adults living in urban or rural areas in Japan (1,000 participants for each survey) completed the Multifaceted Urban Living Environment Scale and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Results indicated that urban living environments are characterized by quality of facilities, life convenience, life unpleasantness, and easy accessibility to public transportation. Of importance, each of these aspects affected residents' life satisfaction differently. Specifically, the quality of facilities was positively associated with life satisfaction, whereas life convenience was negatively associated. However, life unpleasantness and easy accessibility to public transportation had no effect on life satisfaction. These results suggest that it is important to measure the multifaceted nature of urban living environments to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of urbanization on residents' subjective well-being.</p>

<p>This study investigated the determinants of exchange anxiety in close relationships—generalized worries that one's partner will replace him/her with a more suitable person. We hypothesized that exchange anxiety would increase when individuals compare themselves with others who are more competent (experiencing upward social comparisons), especially in environments where they cannot easily find alternative relationships (environments with low relational mobility). By experimentally manipulating the type of social comparison, the results from Study 1 revealed that undergraduates (n＝299) living in environments with low relational mobility felt stronger exchange anxiety when they experienced upward social comparison than downward social comparison. In Study 2, an online survey was conducted with a sample of adults living in either urban or rural areas (n＝1000). The results showed that the frequency of upward social comparison was positively associated with exchange anxiety and that this tendency was moderated by the combined effect of relational mobility and trait self-esteem. These results suggest that the characteristics of one's interpersonal environments affect the impact of the perceived risk of being replaced on exchange anxiety in one's close relationships.</p>

A previous study has shown that there is a statistical similarity between the evaluation of impressions of Japanese fonts and of tea beverage package design. Recent research indicates that readable font design is related to subjective fluency. Here, we tested the effects of similarity between the evaluation of impressions of font designs and of package designs, and font legibility, on aesthetic impressions of packaging, using the 16 pictures combining fonts and packaging from the previous study. Thirty-four participants were asked to rate each in terms of aesthetic impressions (Balance, Harmony, Beauty, and Preference) and font legibility. The results showed that the similarity between the evaluation of elements had a greater positive effect on consumers' evaluation of aesthetic impression of packaging by mediation of improving font legibility. In conclusion, our results indicate that similarity between the evaluation of elements, and font legibility may be important when evaluating aesthetic impressions of packaging.

<p>There are individual variations in the perception and exercise of organizational politics. The former is referred to as "perceptions of organizational politics (POP) " and the latter is referred to as "political skill (PS)." Self-monitoring is a determining factor in both. However, previous studies showed a good correlation between self-monitoring and PS, but there was no correlation between self-monitoring and POP. Therefore, this study focused on two dimensions of self-monitoring (sensitivity to expressive behavior of others and ability to modify self-presentation) and examined the effect self-monitoring on POP and PS. Participants were 309 permanent employees. Our results showed a positive association between POP and sensitivity to expressive behavior of others and also between PS and the ability to modify self-presentation. These results demonstrate that self-monitoring involves multiple dimensions with reference to the association between self-monitoring and individual variations in organizational politics.</p>

In relation to the recent development of ultra high definition imaging technique (4K)<br> that have quadruple amount of pixels relative to high definition imaging (HD), it has<br> been reported that observer's subjective impression differ between these imaging. The<br> present study examined how differences in resolution (4K and HD imaging) influence<br> subjective impressions of movies in association with movie contents (natural/artificial<br> objects) and fields of view (wide/medium/narrow) (Exp1). We also investigated the<br> effects of the quantities of motion on subjective impressions of movies in different im-<br>ge resolutions with the flame rate higher (59.94 fps) than the previous study (23.98<br> fps) (Exp2). We found that 4K movies, as compared to HD movies, induced stronger<br> impressions regarding evaluation and comfort especially when they were presented with<br> natural scene and/or larger field of view. It was also shown that 4K movies with higher<br> flame rate induced stronger impressions regarding desirability and comfort regardless<br> of motion quantities, contrary to the previous finding that 4K movies with the larger<br> quantities of motion gave observer lower impression regarding desirability and comfort<br> than HD movies. These results demonstrate that the differences in image resolution<br> could modulate subjective impressions of movies in accordance with the differences in<br> movie contents, fields of view, and flame rate. Moreover, the current findings suggest<br> that there exist some desirable conditions under which the ultra high definition imaging<br> could effectively enhance observers' subjective impressions of movies.<br>

The purpose of the present study was to objectively demonstrate similarity in factor structure, regarding evaluation of impressions, between fonts and package designs in packaging, by testing factorial invariance using structural equation modeling. We asked 228 college students and 75 members of the community to answer a questionnaire, which included 12 items concerning their impressions of four kinds of Japanese font and four kinds of tea beverage package design, to be rated on seven-point scales using semantic differential method. Structural equation modeling showed that with regard to evaluation of impressions, factorial invariance was established in factor structure between fonts and package designs. In conclusion, our results indicate that structural equation modeling is a valuable technique to analyze similarity of components in packaging.

Previous studies indicate that communal norms are ideal for close relationships. The present study investigated whether we flexibly regulate communal norms corresponding to our partner's responsiveness, rather than adhering to them as an expectation of any close relationship. This study also investigated whether attachment anxiety moderates the regulation of communal norms. The results of two surveys (150 participants in Survey 1; 188 participants in Survey 2) revealed that those who recollected their partner's (romantic, or close friend's) past unresponsive behavior, compared to those who did not, showed weaker adherence to communal norms. Such recollections, however, led those with high attachment anxiety to stronger adherence to communal norms, especially in romantic relationships. These results were discussed from the perspective of risk regulation in close relationships.

Commitment and expectations of acceptance in relationships promote relationship-repairing behaviors in response to interpersonal rejection. The present study examined differences between these factors in the mediation process, and the moderating role of attachment orientation in the process. One hundred and seventy-eight undergraduate students participated in a questionnaire study, in which they reported their attachment orientation, rated their degrees of commitment and expectations of acceptance by a close friend, and indicated how they would feel and behave if that friend rejected them. Mediational analyses revealed that self-regard feelings partially mediated the association between commitment and relationship-repairing behaviors. Further analyses also showed that mediation effects disappeared among those with high attachment avoidance. There were only direct effects of expectations of acceptance on relationship-repairing behaviors regardless of attachment orientation. These results suggested that there are multiple pathways for promoting relationship-repairing behaviors in response to interpersonal rejection. In addition, this study discussed the implications of these findings for relationship-repairing mechanisms.

Ultra-high definition (4K) imaging allows us to achieve considerably higher image quality than would high definition (HD) imaging. The present study examined how 4K and HD imaging could influence subjective impressions of movies differently, in association with the quantities of motion and fields of view of these movies. We found that stronger impressions regarding comfort and impact were evoked for 4K movies with smaller quantities of motion and medium field of view. Stronger perceptions of impact occurred for HD movies with larger quantities of motion and larger field of view. HD movies also gave stronger impression regarding dynamics regardless of motion quantities. Additionally, HD movies down-converted from 4K movies tended to induce higher impressions regarding evaluation and comfort in some situations. These results suggest that subjective impressions of movies are influenced by the differences in resolution images, as well as interactions between imaging types and characteristics of movie contents.

The urban sociology literature suggests that people living in cities are likely to have multiple identities because there exist various subcultural groups and social networks to which they can freely belong. The present study investigated the effects of multiple identities on psychological well-being on a sample of Japanese college students in metropolitan areas. Prior work demonstrated that having a higher number of identitiesis associated with greater psychological well-being if the identities are in harmony with each other, but it is associated with lower psychological well-being if the identities are in conflict with each other. However, it remains unclear how and why a higher number of identities leads to greater psychological well-being (or less psychological maladjustment). From the view point of self-complexity theory, we predict that having many identities increases a number of distinctive self-aspects (increases self-complexity) and results in greater resilience against negative events. Self-complexity provides more ways for a person to cope with negative events because it inhibits the spillover from them in one dimension to the rest of the self. This mechanism, however, operates only when the identities do not conflict with each other. 189 undergraduates participated in a questionnaire study. Participants listed as many identities, which are defined as groups to which they belong and their social roles, as possible, and completed scales that measure the importance of each identity and the identity harmony regarding their three principal identities. They then completed subjective well-being and resilience scales. The results indicated that having many rather than few identities leads to greater resilience if the principal identities are in harmony, but leads to lower resilience if they are not in harmony. Neither the number of identities nor the identity harmony affected subjective well-being. This suggests that having multiple identities does not simply enhance feelings of happiness but rather contributes to psychological well-being in a more preventive and indirect manner. The implications and future directions are discussed for the relationship between urbanism and psychological well-being.

From the perspectives of interdependence theory and sociometer theory, we tested the hypothesis that greater costs of relationship loss lead to heightened sensitivity to rejection cues and to increased motivation to behave in more relationship-constructive ways. We conducted a questionnaire study in which 319 undergraduates listed activities they shared with their closest same-sex friend and indicated how they would feel and behave if they were rejected. As predicted, a greater amount of shared activities with a friend led individuals to experience stronger negative self-relevant feelings following imaginary rejection by that friend, which in turn generally promoted relationship-constructive behaviors (and inhibited relationship-destructive ones). The results suggest that state self-esteem effectively functions as a relationship maintenance mechanism.

This study examines how the commitment and expectation of acceptance in a relationship influence coping behaviors toward interpersonal rejection. Two-hundred-nineteen undergraduate students participated in a questionnaire study in which they rated the degree of commitment and expectation for acceptance regarding their same-sex close friend or same-sex acquaintance, and indicated how they would behave if they were rejected by him/her. Participants showed a higher level of commitment and expectation for acceptance with a close friend than those for an acquaintance. Also, given a hypothesized rejection situation, participants were more inclined toward relationship-constructive behaviors, and less inclined toward relationship-destructive behaviors with their close friend relative to acquaintance. Mediation and path analyses revealed that both commitment and expectation for acceptance directly and independently promoted relationship-constructive behaviors, while inhibiting relationship-destructive behaviors. Moreover, expectation for acceptance had an indirect effect as well, on coping behaviors through strengthening of commitment. These results suggest that coping with rejection should be understood in a framework that incorporates the perspectives of both interdependence theory and risk regulation system theory.<br>

In recent years, social rejection has been receiving more attention in social psychology. This article reviews and integrates a vast number of empirical studies that addressed how people react to social rejection and investigates the nature of psychological system for dealing with rejection. The existent literature indicates that social rejection produces a variety of consequences at affective, cognitive/perceptual, and behavioral levels. When a person is being rejected, she/he experiences social pain and lowered state self-esteem at the affective level, enhanced sensitivity to social information at the cognitive level, and manifests increased prosocial, self-defensive, or even aggressive behaviors at the behavioral level. These suggest that human mind is equipped with a response system to protect itself against threats from social rejection. This article also reviews researches that focused on individual difference variables in response to rejection: rejection sensitivity, attachment style, and trait self-esteem. This revealed that the degree to which people expect to be accepted by others determines the way how they detect signals of rejection and cope with threats of rejection. Finally future research directions are discussed.